Articles for category: Spanien

The Catalan Amnesty in the Spanish Constitutional Court

On 26 June 2025, the Spanish Constitutional Court ruled that the Amnesty Act “for the Institutional, Political and Social Normalization in Catalonia” is constitutional. The decision appears to reflect a pragmatic rather than a principled understanding of the amnesty – in other words, it treats the amnesty as an instrument to normalise the political situation in Catalonia rather than a measure for redressing possible rights violations resulting from the criminal convictions.

12. Juli 2025

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Spanish Judges on Strike

“Save the rule of Law in Spain”, read a banner held by a number of unidentified judges who were demonstrating before the premises of the Spanish Supreme Court, a couple of days ago in Madrid. But save it – from whom? The demonstrators would no doubt reply: from Pedro Sánchez and his government, which has undertaken the first serious reform of the Spanish judiciary since the transition to democracy. But the reform is not the only reason why the Spanish judges have been on strike.

11. Juli 2025

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Eine Lagune im Gerichtssaal?

Die Debatte über Rechte der Natur hat auch in Deutschland an Fahrt gewonnen – nur die Strafrechtswissenschaft hat sie noch nicht erreicht. Dabei wäre eine solche Auseinandersetzung auch aus praktischen Gründen erforderlich: Nachdem Spanien im November 2022 das Ley 19/2022 verabschiedet hatte, wird sich in laufenden Strafverfahren nun erstmals entscheiden, ob das Rechtssubjekt Mar Menor vor Gericht auftreten kann. In diesem Beitrag entfalte ich die These, dass die Lagune über eine „acusación particular“ zur strafprozessualen Beteiligten werden kann: vertreten, aber in eigenem Namen.

4. Juni 2025

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In ruhige Gewässer

Rechte der Natur erregen die Gemüter. In Deutschland riefen jüngst zwei Urteile des LG Erfurt heftige Reaktionen hervor. Auch in Spanien, wo bereits 2022 mit der Salzwasserlagune Mar Menor das erste europäische Ökosystem mit Rechten ausgestattet wurde, um die fortschreitende Zerstörung durch Pestizideintrag zu stoppen, wurden hitzige Debatten geführt. Am 20.11.2024 hat das spanische Verfassungsgericht die Verfassungskonformität dieses Rechtsakts bestätigt und damit die Debatte in verfassungsrechtlich ruhigere Gewässer gelenkt.

18. Dezember 2024

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Fundamental Rights Score a Goal

Amid the significant number of rulings delivered by the ECJ on 4 October 2024, the long-awaited judgment pitting football against the media stands out. In Real Madrid vs Le Monde, the Court held that excessive defamation damages may breach the freedom of the press and trigger the public policy exception under Brussels Ia Regulation concerning recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In doing so, the ECJ allowed national courts to conduct a substantive review of foreign judgments despite the principle of mutual trust, to ensure the enforcement of fundamental rights across the EU.

17. Oktober 2024

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In the Dark

There is an old adage in the world of official transparency that “sunlight is the best disinfectant”. But when it comes to Europe’s recovery transformation via the NextGenerationEU (NGEU) programme and related instruments, the Commission insists on conducting as much of it as possible in the dark. As concerns grow about both the effectiveness and even potentially corruption in the use of recovery funds, this lack of transparency is particularly worrying.

15. April 2024

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Still Alive?

Party banning was developed in Spain in 2002, with the aim of combating the terrorism of ETA (1958-2018), an extreme left-wing and separatist Basque organisation that murdered more than 800 people. This instrument proved useful in defeating the terrorist group and its network of support organisations, including several parties. Today, there are strong separatist or pro-independence movements in Catalonia, the Basque Country and, to a lesser extent, Galicia, and other regions. Faced with this, there are parties that have proposed using the mechanism of banning parties. But is this viable, and would it be useful?

5. April 2024

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The Spanish Amnesty, the Conflict with Catalonia, and the Rule of Law

The Spanish amnesty for the Catalan independence movement is a victory for the rule of law, rather than a defeat. It is not an exemption from punishment otherwise due, but instead a reflection of the fact that the acts now amnestied should never have been subject to criminal prosecution in the first place. It is thus also a way for Spain to return to compliance with its obligations under European and international human rights law.

20. März 2024

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EU’s Involvement in the Renewal of the Spanish Council of the Judiciary

The growing political polarization of Western liberal democracies often leads to situations of political deadlock that require the intervention of an external authority capable of untangling the knot. After the second (fruitless) meeting held today between Commissioner Reynders and representatives of the Spanish government and the main opposition party, there is no simple solution in sight to an issue of the renewal of the Spanish Council of the Judiciary with significant implications for the immediate future of the Spanish political scenario. In this blog, I argue that underneath all the technical layers of legal order invoked under the generic defence of the rule of law, there are political and democratic debates for which the EU may play an important yet uncertain and questionable role.

19. Februar 2024

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Rule of Law Eroded

Spain is going through turbulent times, marked by a strong political polarization and an increasingly evident decline in the rule of law due to the partisan takeover of institutions. This situation has been exacerbated by President Sánchez's investiture agreements with pro-independence parties, particularly Junts, led by the fugitive Puigdemont, who spearheaded the Catalan secessionist insurrection in the autumn of 2017. The bill grants amnesty for crimes committed in connection with secessionist efforts, including, among others, misappropriation of public funds, prevarication, and attacks against authority. The amnesty, as it currently stands, violates both the Spanish Constitution and basic tenets of the rule of law.

6. Dezember 2023

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